Question

Write the modes of aserual reproduction in the following organisms: Bryophyllum, potato, yeast, Rhizopus, penicillium.

Answer 1

All living things produce their own Kind through the process called reproduction. Reproduction takes place sexually and asexually. Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single celled organisms such as the archaea ea, bacteria and protists. Many plants and fungi reproduce. asexually as well. Now organisms are produced in rapid multiplication by the Process of amitotic or mitotic division. The offspring will be the exact genetic copies of the parent.

Complete answer:
Bryophylum are also known as air plants In Broyophylum, reproduction occurs through asexual means, specifically, through vegetative propagation of leaves. The leaves of Bryophyllum are broad, possessing notches at its margins; these are the locations from which buds (notches) arise. The buds are termed as epiphyllous buds which have the potential to produce new plants having shoots, small leaves and adventitious roots. The newly formed plants can detach from the leaves to grow into a mature plant once it touches the soil.
Potato:- Tubers such as potatoes, are fleshy underground storage structures composed of enlarged parts of the stem. A tuber functions in asexual propagation as a result of the tiny scale leaves equipped with buds that grow on its surface. Each of these buds can form a new plant, genetically identical to the parent.
Yeast:- yeast are unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms belonging to the Kingdom fungi. Most yeasts reproduce asexually by an asymmetric division process called budding. First it produces a small protuberance on the parent cell that grows to be full size and forms a bud. The nucleus of the parent cell splits into a daughter nucleus s and migrates into the daughter cell. The bud detaches from the mother's body by forming a construction at the base. Budding will repeat to form a chain of bud cells. The daughter cell produced during the budding process is generally smaller than the mother cell.

•Rhizopus: Asexual reproduction is by the formation of Sporangiospores and chlamydospores.
Formation of Sporangiospores:-Sporangiospores develop form the upper Side of the rhizoidal node.
The apical Part swells up forming sporangium, as nuclei and cytoplasm move apically.The cytoplasm of sporangium differentiates into the, denser peripheral region with more nuclei and the central columella region with fewer nuclei and more vacuolesSporangiospores develop inside sporangia. They are multinucleated and non motile.The wall of sporangium raptures after maturation and Sporangiospores come out as a powdery madd, after being suitable condition and substratum, each spores germinates into a new mycelium.

Formation of chlamydospores:-Chlamydospores are formed during unfavorable conditions. An intercalary segment of mycelium develops due to the formation of septae and accumulation of protoplasm. It is thick walled and detached from the mycelium once it dries.They remain dominant until the favourable conditions return and then geminates to form a new mycelium.

Penicillium:- A Sexual reproduction takes place by unicellular non motile spores, the conidia; formed on conidiophore. A member of flask shaped sterigmata de develops at the tip of each mature . Each sterigmatuin develops at its tips a member of conidia arranged basipetally. During the development of Conidia, the. tip of the sterigma swells up and its nucleus divides mitotically into two nuclei, of which one migrates into the swollen Kp nd by a pantikon wall , the swollen region tip and partition wall, the swollen region cuts off from the mother and sterigma swells up again, this process repeats several times. After maturation, the conidia get detached from the mother and dispersed by wind.

Note: Prokareyotes reproduce sexually through binary fission, in which the parent organism divides in two to produce two genetically identical daughter organisms.Multiple fission at the cellular level occurs in many algae and sporozoans.Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a fragment of the parent. Exp:- Planarians.
Agamogenesis is any form of reproduction that does not involve a male gamete. Exp:-Parthenogenesis.
Apomixis in plants is the formation of a new species without fertilization. Exp:-Ferns.