Question

Write a short note on Genetic Engineering.

Answer 1

Hint:- A very little segment of DNA that is made up of oligonucleotide is called a gene. Gene encodes characters or traits (hair colour, eye colour and height etc.) That further, decodes into RNA and then polypeptide molecules.

Complete Answer:-
Genetic engineering is also known as r-DNA technology or Gene cloning; it can be defined as changing genes by using in vitro processes. a gene of known function can be transferred from its Normal location into a cell (that of course, does not contain it) via suitable vectors. The transferred gene replicates normally and is handed over to the next progeny. On confirmation for it presence through biochemical procedures replica of the same cell or clone, can be produced the derivation of procedures for the reintroduction of the foreign gene fragment into a bacterium have lead to evolution of new technology i.e. the recombinant DNA technology, Gene cloning, Gene manipulation or Genetic engineering.
To precede gene manipulation, tools are required.

- Tools of genetic engineering’s;
Polymerase chain reaction
Restriction enzyme
Gel electrophoresis
DNA ligase
Plasmid DNA
Transformation
Identification of recombinant.

- Steps Involved in genetic engineering:
- A fragment of target DNA, containing the gene to be cloned by polymerase chain reaction, is inserted into a circular DNA molecule called a vector. To produce a chimera or recombinant DNA molecule.
- The vector acts as a vehicle that transports the gene into a host cell, which is usually a bacterium, although other types of living cell can be used.
- Within the host cell the vector multiplies, producing numerous identical copies not only of itself but also of the gene that it carries.
- When the host cell divides, copies of the recombinant DNA molecules are passed to the progeny and further vector replication takes place.
- After a large number of cell divisions, a colony, or clone, of identical host cells is produced. Each cell in the clone contains one or more copies of the recombinant DNA molecule; the gene carried by the recombinant molecule is now said to be cloned.

Note:- Restriction endonuclease is a nuclease enzyme that cuts DNA molecule only at a limited numbers of specific nucleotide sequence, due to its ability to cut DNA, it is known as molecular scissor, without this enzyme, possibility genetic engineering is impossible.