Question

Which of the following substances are insoluble in water?
A.sodium chloride
B.silver nitrate
C.potassium sulfate
D.copper(II) hydroxide

Answer 1

The ability of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called a solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gaseous solvent is known as solubility. The physical and chemical characteristics of the solute and solvent, as well as temperature, pressure, and the presence of additional chemicals (including variations in pH) in the solution, all influence the solubility of a material.

Complete answer:
The saturation concentration of a material in a given solvent is the point at which adding more solute does not raise the concentration of the solution and begins to precipitate the excess quantity of solute.
There are three possible outcomes depending on a solute's solubility:

1. A dilute solution is one that contains less solute than the maximum quantity it can dissolve (its solubility).
2. It is saturated when the amount of solute equals the amount of solubility.
3. If the amount of solute in the solution exceeds the amount that can be dissolved, the surplus solute separates from the solution. A precipitate is formed when this separating process involves crystallisation. Precipitation reduces the concentration of the solute to saturation, increasing the solution's stability.
   So, start with sodium chloride, or NaCl. All halides are soluble, with the exception of those produced with silver, mercury, or lead ions, according to the solubility criteria. Sodium chloride will be soluble because this is not the case here. Because all nitrates are soluble, silver nitrate is soluble as well. Because all sulphates are soluble except those produced with silver, calcium, barium, mercury, lead, and strontium ions, potassium sulphate is soluble. Finally, copper (II) hydroxide is insoluble because, with the exception of alkali metal ions and barium, all hydroxides are insoluble.
   Hence option D is correct.

Note:
A solubility chart shows a list of ions and how they can form precipitates or stay watery when combined with other ions. There are numerous conceivable outcomes when a material is combined with a solvent. The solubility of the material, which is defined as the highest attainable concentration of the solute, is the determining factor for the outcome. The solubility criteria are used to identify whether compounds are soluble and to what extent they are soluble.