Question

Which of the following are not associated with lysosomes?
A. Ephagy
B. Autolysis
C. Detoxification of drugs
D. Heterophagosome

Answer 1

Inside the cytoplasmic matrix of the cell, there are bodies of various shapes, limited by a single surface membrane containing hydrolytic enzymes. They are called lysosomes. Lysosomes are pockets that contain digestive enzymes that are involved in the digestion of intracellular and extracellular particles.

Complete answer: The body that contains enzymes is called the lysosome because it plays an important role in the digestion or dissolution of substances in cells.
Ephagy-This is the opposite of endocytosis, in which basic substances leave the cell through the vesicle. Vesicles are formed inside the Golgi apparatus, migrate from the cytoskeleton to the cell surface, bind and remove their contents. This occurs during cell secretion, excretion, and removal of undigested residues from food vacuoles, release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells, etc. Epags are also known as cell rupture or exocytosis. This is the process by which cell membranes remove unwanted foreign bodies or debris, forming a pocket-like structure called vesicles.
This is the characteristics of lysosomes so this option is not correct.
Detoxification of toxic chemicals-The basic principle of chemical detoxification is the conversion of hydrophobic substances into water-soluble ones. Most drugs, pesticides, toxins, and other chemical pollutants are usually hydrophobic compounds and therefore accumulate in body fat. Reactions associated with this detoxification include hydrolysis, reduction, or conjugation. G. Müller and J. Miller initially reported that this type of enzyme system exists in hepatocytes.
Detoxification of drugs is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. So this option is correct.
Autolysis-This is the destruction of cells, tissues or organs with the help of lysosomes. Lysosomes performing autolysis do not cover structures that need to be destroyed. Instead, they explode on their own, releasing digestive enzymes. Autolysis occurs in senescent, dead, or diseased cells. Loss of larval organs during metamorphosis (for example, the tail of a frog) is caused by autolysis.
This is the characteristics of lysosomes so this option is not correct.
Heterophagosome-Secondary lysosomes are also known as heterophagosome ( are formed as a result of phagocytosis or pinocytosis of foreign cellular material. In fact, in cells after phagocytosis or pinocytosis, foreign or extracellular substances are retained inside the membrane, and these membrane-bound structures are called phagocytes or pinosomes. Ultimately, they combine with primary lysosomes to form secondary lysosomes. The body, with the substances absorbed by this membrane, also has a complete acid hydrolase complex (hydrolytic enzyme). Substances degraded from these lysosomes pass through the lysosomal membrane and enter cells, where they can be reused in metabolic pathways.
This is the characteristics of lysosomes so this option is not correct.
So, the correct answer is “Option A”.

Note:
Primary lysosomes secrete hydrolytic enzymes from the outside through exocytosis, which causes the breakdown of extracellular substances (extracellular digestion). The digestion of intracellular substances is called intracellular digestion. Intracellular digestion can involve heterophagy or autophagy. Heterophagy occurs through endocytosis, when exogenous substances are absorbed into the cell, and enzymes break down these substances into secondary lysosomes. In the event of apoptosis or cell damage, autophagy triggers the digestion of the cellular material itself.