Question

Which hormonal deficiency is responsible for the following.
A. Diabetes mellitus B. goiter C. cretinism.

Answer 1

Goiter and cretinism is caused by thyroid gland located in the throat region while diabetes mellitus occurs due to deficiency or improper working of insulin, which raises the blood sugar and affects the various vital body organs.

Complete answer:
Diabetes mellitus is caused by the deficiency or improper function of Insulin hormone. Which is secreted by beta cells of the islet of Langerhans cells, which are present in the pancreas. insulin is the hormone which regulates the blood glucose level, in diabetes mellitus conditioned person, proper amount of insulin is not secreted by the pancreatic cells, that insulin is required to stimulate the liver to convert the free blood glucose into the stored form of glucose called glycogen. If the required amount of insulin is not provided then free glucose affects the working of different organs of the body. This hormone deficiency is of two types, TYPE 1 and TYPE 2. Diabetes can be cured by maintaining the food habits or medication or intake of insulin injection.
B. Goiter:- It is a disease caused by the deficiency of thyroxine hormone, in this disease the thyroid gland swells up and affects the other metabolic functioning of the body. Thyroxine hormone production is influenced by iodine which is necessary element for the formation of Thyroxine hormone, this Hormone is of two type (${T_3}$ and ${T_4}$, goiter is caused by hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, in such cases thyroxine hormone release in large amount and in other conditions amount of thyroxine hormone is low. This disease is majorly found in mountain region people and it can be cured by artificial intake of thyroxine hormone or dietary intake of iodine.
C. Cretinism :- It is a congenital or inborn Hypothyroidism defect in which a person's thyroid gland is always underactive, in result proper development of the body is not going to develop. Cretinism occurs due to deficiency of iodine in the mother’s diet during pregnancy.

Note: Diabetes is caused due to insulin deficiency which regulates blood glucose level, diabetes is of two types, named as diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. Goiter has acquired deficiency due to lack of intake of iodine but cretinism is an inborn effect of thyroid gland which occurs due to low intake of iodine during pregnancy.