Question

What process converts the mRNA 'message' into a sequence of amino acids?

Answer 1

mRNA stands for messenger RNA which carries a coding sequence for protein synthesis. These are known as transcripts. Messenger RNA transfers genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and is single-stranded.

Complete answer:
The process of converting the mRNA 'message' into a sequence of amino acids is known as translation. The mRNA is decoded during the process of translation in which the ribosomes in the cytoplasm or the endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes the proteins in the cell's nucleus after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA. The mRNA is decoded outside the nucleus for the production of specific amino acid chains or the polypeptide chain which gets folded into an active protein that performs the function in the cell. The induction of the binding of complementary tRNA anticodon is facilitated by the ribosomes which carry the specific amino acids that are changed together when the mRNA passes through and read by the ribosome.
Translations take place in three faces which include initiation, elongation and termination. Initiation involves the assembling of the ribosome around the target mRNA and the attachment of the first tRNA with the start codon. The validation of tRNA by the small ribosomal subunit takes place during elongation which transfers the amino acid which carries the large ribosomal subunit that binds to one of the preceding tRNAs. The ribosome releases the polypeptide when the stop codon is reached and is known as a termination.

Note:
mRNA acts as an intermediate between DNA and protein and follows the central dogma which is the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA and protein as the DNA cannot be decoded directly for the production of amino acids. The incorporation of a particular amino acid is done by every three nitrogen-containing bases in the mRNA within the protein during the process of translation.