Question

What kinds of gene mutations are possible?

Answer 1

A mutation is a heritable change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA. There are three types of DNA Mutations: base substitutions, deletions and insertions.

Complete answer:
When adding nucleotides during replication, DNA polymerase might make mistakes. Most errors are fixed, but if they aren't, they can lead to a mutation, which is described as a change in the DNA sequence that is irreversible. Substitution, deletion, insertion, and translocation are all examples of mutations. Repair gene mutations can have catastrophic implications, such as cancer. Mutations can be induced or happen naturally.
Mutations are required for evolution to take place. They are the ultimate source of all new genetic material in a species, including new alleles. Some mutations are advantageous to the creatures in which they occur, despite the fact that the majority of mutations have no effect on the organisms in which they occur. Even damaging mutations in organisms rarely result in significant alterations.

In gametes, germline mutations arise. Other bodily cells can also be affected by somatic mutations. Mutations that modify the structure of chromosomes are known as chromosomal changes. A single nucleotide is changed in a point mutation. Frameshift mutations are changes in the reading frame caused by the addition or deletion of nucleotides.
1. Insertion-
An insertion changes the number of DNA bases in a gene by adding a piece of DNA. As a result, the protein made by the gene may not function properly.
2. Deletion-
A deletion changes the number of DNA bases by removing a piece of DNA. Small
deletions may remove one or a few base pairs within a gene, while larger deletions can remove an entire gene or several neighboring genes. The deleted DNA may alter the function of the resulting protein(s).
3. Duplication-
A duplication consists of a piece of DNA that is abnormally copied one or more times.This type of mutation may alter the function of the resulting protein.
4. Frameshift mutation-
This type of mutation occurs when the addition or loss of DNA bases changes a gene’s reading frame. A reading frame consists of groups of 3 bases that each code for one amino acid. A frameshift mutation shifts the grouping of these bases and changes the code for amino acids. The resulting protein is usually nonfunctional. Insertions, deletions, and duplications can all be frameshift mutations.

Note:-
To have this trait, this uncommon albino alligator must have special "instructions", or DNA. Albinism is caused by a mutation in the melanin gene, a protein present in the skin and eyes. A mutation like this could result in no melanin synthesis or a considerable decrease in the amount of melanin produced.