Question

What is the difference between inductive effect and resonance effect?

Answer 1

Resonance, also known as mesomerism, is a technique of explaining bonding in particular molecules or ions in valence bond theory by combining numerous contributing structures (or forms, also known as resonance structures or canonical structures) into a resonance hybrid (or hybrid structure).

Complete answer:
The resonance effect is a chemical phenomena that is found in organic molecules that contain double bonds. Organic molecules feature these double bonds in their structures, and the p-orbitals on the two opposite sides of carbon atoms are generally overlapping. The polarity produced in a molecule by the interaction between a lone pair of electrons and a pi bond is described by the resonance effect.

It can also happen when two pi bonds in neighbouring atoms engage. In its most basic form, resonance refers to molecules that have numerous Lewis structures. In chemistry, resonance aids in determining a compound's stability as well as its energy state.The inductive effect is a chemical term for the transfer of uneven bonding electron sharing across a chain of atoms in a molecule, resulting in a permanent dipole in a bond.

In contrast to the electromeric effect seen in a (pi) bond, it is present in a (sigma) bond. Alkyl halide has electron withdrawing halogen atoms, whereas the alkyl groups have electron giving tendencies. The positive charge is communicated to the other atoms in the chain if the electronegative atom (without an electron, therefore having a positive charge) is connected to a chain of atoms, generally carbon. This is the -I effect, or the electron-withdrawing inductive effect.

Inductive effect	Resonance effect
In saturated compounds, it involves the displacement of electrons.	In unsaturated and conjugated compounds, it includes the displacement of percent electrons or lone pairs of electrons.
The inductive effect causes a small movement of electrons, resulting in a partial +ve or -ve charge.	There is a full transfer of electrons in this action, resulting in a complete +ve or -ve charge.
The inductive action can only transfer 3 to 4 carbon atoms.	Electrons travel all the way along the length of the conjugated system in this example.

Note: The relative electronegativity of the two atoms making the connection can cause covalent bonds to be polarised. In a -bond between two dissimilar atoms, the electron cloud is not uniform and is somewhat shifted towards the more electronegative of the two atoms. The more electronegative atoms have a fractional negative charge, whereas the less electronegative atoms have a fractional positive charge, resulting in a permanent state of bond polarisation.