Question

What is referred to as a satellite chromosome?

Answer 1

A chromosome is a long DNA molecule that contains some or all of an organism's genetic material. Most eukaryotic chromosomes contain packaging proteins called histones, which attach to and condense the DNA molecule to preserve its integrity with the help of chaperone proteins. Secondary constrictions are constricted or narrow regions present on any chromosome other than the centromere (primary constriction).

Complete explanation:
Some chromosomes which have secondary constriction that are non-staining in a specific area. This appears as a small fragment and is referred to as a satellite. Secondary constrictions exist on satellite chromosomes. They are constrained by one or more secondary constrictions. The term "primary constriction" refers to the centromere field. It is commonly associated with the short arm of an acrocentric chromosome in humans. Satellite chromosomes are chromosomes$13$, $14$, $15$, $16$, $21$, and $22$.
These are often referred to as (sat) chromosomes or marker chromosome numbers. Nucleolar SAT-chromosomes are SAT-chromosomes with secondary constriction associated with nucleolus formation.

Additional knowledge:
Satellites can be found on the Y chromosome, but they are considered to be autosomal translocations. Since the secondary constriction never moves, it can be used to distinguish individual chromosomes. At metaphase, certain chromosomes have one or more secondary constrictions in addition to the centromere.

Note:
A chromosomal satellite is a segment of a chromosome that is separated from the rest of the chromosome by a secondary constriction. Thus, satellite DNAs function as essential regions of eukaryotic chromosomes, ensuring that all chromosomes are correctly encapsulated in the interphase nucleus. Satellite DNAs with different sequences must be bound by proteins capable of bundling multiple chromosomes. At metaphase, the satellite tends to be linked to the chromosomes by a chromatin loop.