Question

What is aminoacylation? State its significance.

Answer 1

tRNA, or transfer RNA, is a form of RNA that aids in protein synthesis from mRNA. During the translation process, tRNA serves as an adaptor molecule. Previously, it was known as soluble RNA, or sRNA. It acts as an adaptor, connecting amino acids to nucleic acids. It transports the amino acid to be added to the peptide chain and decodes the codon in the mRNA molecule for the same.
Structure of tRNA- Each amino acid has its own set of tRNAs. None of the tRNAs recognise stop codons. The secondary structure of tRNA resembles a clover leaf, whereas the tertiary structure resembles an inverted "L." Hydrogen bonding between complementary bases creates the folded structure.

Complete answer:
The process of adding an aminoacyl group to a molecule is known as aminoacylation. CCA three primary ends are covalently attached to tRNA molecules. Once the tRNA is charged, a ribosome can use the genetic code to transport the amino acid from the tRNA to a developing peptide. As a result, aminoacyl tRNA plays an important part in RNA translation, which involves the expression of genes to produce proteins.
Significance- Transports amino acids to the location of protein synthesis/transports amino acids to the appropriate codon
Aminoacyl-tRNA is tRNA that has a chemical connection with its corresponding amino acid (charged). The amino acid is delivered to the ribosome by the aa-tRNA, together with certain elongation factors, for integration into the polypeptide chain formed during translation.
An amino acid does not provide the essential substrate for the synthesis of peptide bonds inside a developing polypeptide chain on its own. To produce their corresponding aa-tRNA, amino acids must be "charged" or aminoacylated with a tRNA. Each amino acid has its own aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, which is responsible for chemically binding to the tRNA it is specialised for.

Note:
Functions of tRNA -
It plays a crucial function in the production of proteins.
It serves as an adaptor molecule, connecting amino acids to their respective codons in mRNA.
The initial step in protein synthesis is aminoacylation of tRNA.
Each amino acid has its own tRNA, which carries it during the translation process in the ribosomal subunits.