Question

What does vaccine consist of? How does a vaccine work?

Answer 1

A vaccination is a sort of drug that prepares the body's immune system to fight a disease that our body has never encountered before. A vaccination is a biological substance or preparation that gives active acquired immunity against a specific infectious disease. A vaccine usually contains a molecule that looks like a disease-causing germ and is manufactured from weakened or destroyed microbes, their toxins, or one of their surface proteins.

Complete Answer:
Vaccines are made to prevent disease rather than to treat it once it has occurred. Vaccines make the immune system to recognise and attack microorganisms that cause disease. People will need to grasp how the immune system works in order to comprehend how vaccines operate. Antigens are chemicals found on the surface of pathogenic viruses and bacteria. These antigens cause the immune system to create antibodies, which are proteins. Antibodies bind to antigens, destroying or incapacitating the infection. Pathogens have a variety of antigens on their surfaces. Only an antibody capable of attaching to the pathogen's antigens can kill or disable it. Antibodies will only exist if the immune system has already encountered the antigen.
Vaccines expose the body to viruses in a safe manner so that the immune system can produce antibodies that can bind to their antigens. This enables the immune system to combat a specific disease-causing infection if it comes into contact with it again in the future. Vaccines expose the body to antigens that cause disease. They do it by including one or more of the following:
A pathogen that is inactive or dead.
A pathogen that has been weakened.
A sugar or protein that has been extracted from a pathogen.
A toxoid containing a pathogen's poison.

Note:
Vaccine injections also contain a number of additional components, including: adjuvants, which guarantee that the antigen is recognised by the immune system as an invading foreign body stabiliser, which guarantee that the vaccine remains effective.