Question

What are the three stages of Translation?

Answer 1

Translation in molecular biology and genetics, is the process by which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins after DNA is transcribed into RNA in the cell nucleus. This whole process is called gene expression. During translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded in the ribosome, outside the nucleus, to produce a specific amino acid sequence, or polypeptide.

Complete answer:
The polypeptides formed by decoding mRNA by translation then fold into an active protein and perform its functions in the cell. Ribosomes facilitate decoding by inducing the association of complementary tRNA enantiomeric sequences with mRNA codons. The tRNAs carry specific amino acids that are linked together into a polypeptide as the mRNA passes through and is read by the ribosome.
Translation process mainly takes place in three stages:
Initiation: Ribosomes assemble around the target mRNA. The first TRNA is attached to the start codon.
Elongation: The final tRNA is confirmed by the small subunit of the ribosome (accommodation) which transfers the amino acid it carries to the large ribosomal subunit which binds it to the previously recognized tRNA (transpeptidation). The ribosome then moves on to the next mRNA codon to continue the process (transposition), creating an amino acid sequence.
Termination: When the stop codon is reached, the ribosome releases the polypeptide.
In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where large and small subunits of the ribosome bind to mRNA. In eukaryotes, translation occurs in the cytoplasm or across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum in a process called co-translational translocation.

Note:
Many types of transcribed RNA, such as transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and small nuclear RNA, do not undergo protein translation. There are some antibiotics which work by inhibiting translation. These include anisomycin, cycloheximide, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, and puromycin. Prokaryotic ribosomes are structurally different from eukaryotic ribosomes, and thus antibiotics can specifically target bacterial infections without harming their own cells.