Question

What are plasmodesmata?
A. Plasmodesmata are living connections between neighbouring plant cells.
B.Plasmodesmata runs through very fine pores in the cell wall.
C.Plasmodesmata establishes a continuous system of cytoplasm for transport of substances between cells.
D.All of the above.

Answer 1

Plasmodesmata are miniature pathways that penetrate the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, allowing them to change and interact with each other. They are inter - cellular organelles which are only present in algal and plant cells. Plasmodesmata consist of pores or channels which lie within individual plant cells and access the symplastic space in the plant.

Complete step by step answer:
A pair of cell walls and the adjacent middle lamella separate neighbouring plant cells, forming an extracellular domain known as the apoplast. Whereas the cell walls are porous to small soluble proteins and other solutes, plasmodesmata allow direct, regulated, symplastic transport of substances within cells. There are two types of plasmodesmata: primary plasmodesmata developed during the division of cells, and secondary plasmodesmata developed between mature cells. Plasmodesmata are narrowed channels that act as cytoplasmic endothelial bridges to facilitate material interaction and transport between plant cells. Transport proteins, small interfering RNA, mRNA, viroids, and virus genomes from cell - to - cell have been transfered by Plasmodesmata.

So, correct answer is option (D).

Additional Information:
The management and arrangement of Plasmodesmata is controlled by a polymer of beta 1,3-glucan recognized as callose. During the cytokinesis step, Callose is found in cell plates as this technique reaches completion of the decline in call levels. The only callose rich parts of the cell include cell wall areas that are present in plasmodesmata. Electron microscopy has been an essential tool for discerning plasmodesmata structure, and one should be conscious that the dynamics of plasmodesmal transport really shouldn't or can not be fully inferred from these static photos. That being said, these images are still the basis of knowledge on the structure of plasmodesmata.

Note:
Physiological and metabolic mechanisms within plants are linked to the activity of plasmodesmata. There is indeed a pathway of hormone signalling that relays the plasmodesmata to main primary signals. Also there are environmental, physiological, and developmental patterns that display a relationship to the activity of plasmodesmata. The efficiency to gate its channels is a potential means of plasmodesmata.