Question

What are mycofungicides?

Answer 1

Fungicide, also known as antimycotic, is any toxic substance that is used to kill or inhibit the growth of fungi. Fungicides are typically used to control parasitic fungi that cause economic harm to crop or ornamental plants or endanger the health of domestic animals or humans.Because of their ability to control plant diseases and increase crop production in an environmentally friendly manner, mycofungicides and fungal biofertilizers have been promoted for agricultural use.

Complete answer:
Mycofungicides are antifungal chemicals produced by fungi. As a result of interference with the growth of other fungi. Mycofungicides are used to control plant diseases in agriculture.

Fungi have the ability to autolyze when the environment in which they grow becomes depleted of the nutrients they require. In order to reach the nutrient contained within the hyphae, they must digest their own cell wall. As a result, most, if not all, fungi are capable of producing lytic enzymes such as chitinase and glucan-1,3-B-glucosidase, which enable this destructive behaviour.Myco Fungicides use this ability in a variety of ways to eliminate harmful fungal pests. Trichoderma and Coniothyrium minitans are two of the most commonly used species.

Fungi have a variety of properties that could make them ideal biocontrol agents. To begin, several saprophytic species, including members of all pest organisms such as plant pathogenic fungi, weeds, and insects, fight each other. Second, fungi are easily cultured, allowing for large-scale production of spores or mycelial fragments for release into the environment.

These inoculants then germinate or develop into active mycelium, which parasitizes or inhibits the pest while causing no harm to non-target species. Fungi can also exist as dormant bodies for long periods of time before germinating to spread and dominate the target population, eliminating the need for re-inoculation with the biocontrol agent.

In nature, there are numerous examples of mycoparasitism. In reality, a large number of dormant spores such as sclerotia or chlamydospore have already been parasitized by another fungus and can be found in the wild. Most fungi have the ability to release lytic enzymes such as chitinase, which allow them to break down chitinous cell walls.

The antagonistic fungi must be able to parasitize a host in order for a myco fungicide to be effective. Mycoparasitism is common in nature, and the two possible interactions for myco fungicides are necrotroph and biotroph. A parasitic fungi's attack on its host occurs in four stages.

Chemotropism: The parasitic species is drawn to a potential host by detecting and reacting to a chemical released by that host. As in many taxis, the parasite follows the gradient of concentration as it gets closer to the host. This gradient could be composed of amino acids or sugar molecules.

Recognition: Different gene-regulated mechanisms initiate recognition procedures. It is a brief period in which the parasite attaches to the host, determining whether or not the invasion occurs. The lectin carbohydrates, for example, are known to play a role in this critical stage of adhesion in Trichoderma spp.

Attachment and coiling: To prepare for invasion, the parasitic fungus grows an appresoria around or along the host[4]. During the penetration stage, the appressorium structures will provide the turgor pressure required to penetrate or invaginate the host cells.

Penetration and digestion are two terms that are used interchangeably. The antagonist fungi use a variety of lytic enzymes to degrade and penetrate the host's cell wall. Trichoderma spp., for example, employs four enzyme families: This step is carried out by B-glucanases, cellulases, chitinases, and proteinases.

Myco Fungicide preparations entail the creation of structures that are ready to infect a host, which can be either spores or mycelium depending on the species. These structures can be created through liquid or solid state fermentation.

Myco Fungicide cannot be stored for an extended period of time. Because the infestation cycle lasts only a few days, growers must use the biofungicide more preventively than they would with traditional chemical pesticides.

Note: Trichoderma viride is a biofungicide and a fungus. It is used to treat seeds and soil in order to prevent fungal pathogen-caused diseases.It colonises the seed surface and destroys not only the pathogens present on the cuticle, but also provides protection against soil-borne pathogens when applied at the same time as the seed.