Question

What are molecular dipoles?

Answer 1

Before answering this question, we should first know that Due to the non-uniform distributions of positive and negative charges on different atoms, many molecules possess dipole moments. The molecules which contain more than one polar bond is a vector combination of bond dipole moments is the molecular dipole moment.

Complete answer:
The polar compounds such as Hydrogen fluoride (HF) in which the electron density is not shared equally between atoms. That is why the electric dipole(inhibits electric field and is different from magnetic dipole which produces magnetic field) is the molecule’s dipole.
Peter J. W Debye is a physical chemist and was the first scientist who showed curiosity and studied molecular dipoles. This is the reason the unit in which dipole is measured is named debye in his honor.
There are three types of the dipole for molecules:
Permanent dipoles- This dipole occurs when two atoms in a molecule have different electronegativity. One atom has more electronegativity than the other, it attracts the other atom more and becomes more negative whereas the other atom becomes positive. A polar molecule is a molecule that has a permanent dipole moment.
Instantaneous dipoles- When the electrons are crowded at one place than other in a molecule creates a temporary dipole, i.e instantaneous dipole. Permanent dipoles are greater than magnitude in instantaneous dipoles. It still plays a vital role in biochemistry.
Induced dipoles- When one molecule having a permanent dipole repels another molecule’s electrons by inducing a dipole moment in the molecule. When a molecule carries an induced dipole, It is considered polarized.

Note:
Dipole moment values can be found by measuring the dielectric constant:
Some of them are-
Carbon dioxide – 0
Carbon monoxide- 0.112 D
Ozone- 0.53 D
Phosgene- 1.17 D
Water vapor- 1.85 D
Hydrogen cyanide- 2.98 D
Cyanamide- 4.27
Potassium bromide- 10.41 D