Question

The sodium-potassium pump
(a) Utilizes a carrier protein and energy
(b) Concentrates sodium on the outside of the membrane
(c) Helps establish an electrochemical gradient across the membrane
(d) All of the above

Answer 1

There are proteins in the film that permit the exchange of charged and polar substances into and out of the cell (or organelle). The vehicle of the substance can be driven by the energy delivered by the hydrolysis of ATP. This is known as a dynamic vehicle and the protein included might be alluded to as a siphon.

Complete answer:
One case of a siphon is the sodium-potassium siphon (otherwise called the Na+ - K+ ATPase), which is an ATPase present in the cell layer. It moves 3 sodium particles out of the cell in return for 2 potassium particles into the cell (both against their electrochemical inclination) to the detriment of the utilization of one atom of ATP. The sodium ions get transported across the cell membrane where the electrochemical concentration gradient is created.

Additional information:
The dynamic vehicle is the energy-requiring cycle of siphoning atoms and particles across layers "tough" - against a fixation inclination. To move these atoms against their focus angle, a transporter protein is required. Transporter proteins can work with a focused angle (during uninvolved vehicle), however, some transporter proteins can move solutes against the fixation inclination (from low focus to high focus), with a contribution of energy. In the dynamic vehicle, as transporter proteins are utilized to move materials against their focus angle, these proteins are known as siphons. As in different sorts of cell exercises, ATP supplies the energy for the most dynamic vehicles.

So the correct answer is ‘All of the above’.

Note:
One way ATP powers a dynamic vehicle is by moving a phosphate bunch legitimately to a transporter protein. This may make the transporter protein change its shape, which moves the atom or particle to the opposite side of the layer. A case of this sort of dynamic vehicle framework, as appeared in Figure beneath, is the sodium-potassium siphon, which trades sodium particles for potassium particles over the plasma layer of creature cells.