Question

The rate of solvolysis of $C{{H}_{3}}COCl$ is greater than $C{{H}_{3}}C{{H}_{2}}Cl$ . Why?

Answer 1

The reaction rate, also known as the rate of reaction, is the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs, and is proportional to the rise in product concentration per unit time and the reduction in reactant concentration per unit time. The speed at which people react varies a lot. The oxidative rusting of iron beneath Earth's atmosphere, for example, is a gradual process that might take several years, but the combustion of cellulose in a fire occurs in fractions of a second.

Complete answer:
A form of nucleophilic substitution ($S{{N}_{1}}(or)\,S{{N}_{2}}$) or elimination in which the nucleophile is a solvent molecule is known as solvolysis. Solvolysis of a chiral reactant yields the racemate, which is typical of $S{{N}_{1}}$ reactions. Intimate ion pairs, in which the departing anion remains near to the carbocation, thus protecting it from assault by the nucleophile, might complicate the stereochemical process. Neighbor group participation can result in very rapid reactions, with nonclassical ions acting as intermediates or transition states.
A nucleophilic substitution is a kind of chemical reaction in which an electron-rich chemical species (known as a nucleophile) replaces a functional group in a molecule that is electron-deficient (known as the electrophile). The substrate is the molecule that includes the electrophile and the leaving functional group.
The response can be described in its most generic form as follows:
$Nuc:+\text{ }R-LG\text{ }\to \text{ }R-Nuc\text{ }+\text{ }LG:$
The reaction of a substrate with a solvent is known as solvolysis.
In the solvolysis of acetyl chloride, for example, if the solvent is methanol, the process includes an in-plane $S{{N}_{2}}$ displacement of the chloride ion.
Because the solvent concentration is virtually constant, it seems to be an $S{{N}_{1}}^{\prime }$ reaction.
There are two distinctions between this process and ethyl chloride solvolysis.
In acetyl chloride, the carbonyl carbon is $s{{p}^{2}}$ hybridised, whereas the carbon in ethyl chloride is $s{{p}^{3}}$ hybridised.
The carbonyl carbon is more electronegative because it has a higher s character. It attracts the electrons in the C-Cl bond to it.
The C-Cl bond is weakened as a result, making it easier to remove. As a result, the reaction time is reduced.
The resonance contributor on the carbonyl carbon increases the positive charge on the carbon atom.
This renders the carbonyl more vulnerable to nucleophilic assault. It reduces the activation energy, resulting in a quicker response.
Hence rate of solvolysis of $C{{H}_{3}}COCl$ is greater than $C{{H}_{3}}C{{H}_{2}}Cl$.

Note:
Substitution reactions, in which an atom or a group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms, are the most common solvolytic processes. The solvents displace an atom or group in the substrate molecule by acting as or producing electron-rich atoms or groups of atoms (nucleophiles). Some solvents function as elimination agents, converting alkyl halides to alkenes at high temperatures or in the presence of strong bases. Solvolysis reactions are frequently named by the reagent, for as "hydrolysis" when the reagent is water.