Question

The given table enlists various hormones and their chemical nature. Select the option which completes the table.

Hormone	Chemical composition
(i)	Peptide
Testosterone	(ii)
Thyroxine	(iii)
(iv)	Amino-acid derivative

A) (i)- Cortisol, (ii)- steroid, (iii)- polypeptide, (iv)-Estradiol
B) (i)- Oxytocin, (ii)- Protein, (iii)- Iodothyronin, (iv)-Epinephrine
C) (i)- Cortical, (ii)- Protein, (iii)- Amine, (iv)-Estradiol
D) (i)- Oxytocin, (ii)- steroid, (iii)- Iodothyronin, (iv)- Epinephrine

Answer 1

For physiological control and behavioral processes such as absorption, respiration, metabolism, tissue activity, lactation, sensory perception, excretion, activation of stress, growth and development, hormones help to interact between tissues and organs.

Complete answer:
A hormone is any important class of signalling molecules formed by glands in biological systems that are carried by the circulatory system to monitor physiology and actions by targeting distant organs.
Now, let us find the solution from the options-
- In the glucocorticoid family of hormones, cortisol is often a steroid hormone. It is classified as hydrocortisone while used as a medicine. The polypeptides are amino-acid chains. One or more polypeptide complexes are composed of proteins. The amino acids are covalently bound by peptide bonds. Estradiol is the main female sex hormone and is an estrogen steroid hormone. It assists in the control of the reproductive processes of the menstrual females. Estradiol is necessary for the creation of secondary sexual features of women, such as breasts and hip expansion. Thus option A is not the correct option.
- Proteins are massive macromolecules or biomolecules, composed of amino acid residues in one or more long chains. In species, proteins serve a broad variety of roles, including stimulating metabolic processes and replication of DNA. Iodothyronine deiodinases are deiodinase enzyme subfamilies that are essential for thyroid hormone deactivation and activation. Thus, option B is not the correct option.
- Cortical Involving the outer layer, including the brain or kidney, of an internal organ or body shape. Amines are complexes and functional groups with a lone pair containing a fundamental nitrogen atom. Amines are generally forms of ammonia, in which a substituent such as an alkyl group has been substituted by one or even more hydrogen atoms. Thus option C is not the correct option.
- There are two other kinds of hormones: long peptides and short peptides. Long peptide: The glucagon and insulin hormones from the pancreas. Short peptide: The hormones vasopressin and oxytocin from the pituitary glands posterior lobe. Steroid: Steroids are hormones from the testes, adrenal cortex, placenta, and ovaries. Testosterone, thus, is a steroid. The adrenal medulla hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine and the thyroid gland thyroxine are generated from the amino acid tyrosine.

Thus, the correct answer is option (D) (i) -Oxytocin, (ii)- steroid, (iii)- Iodothyronin, (iv)- Epinephrine.

Note: By binding to particular receptor proteins in the target cell, hormones affect remote cells, resulting in a shift in cell activity. It results in the initiation of a signal transduction pathway that usually triggers gene transcription if a hormone connects to the receptor, leading to increased target protein expression; non-genomic effects are faster and may be synergistic towards genomic effects.