Question

Somaclonal variation appears in
(a) Organism produced through somatic hybridization
(b) Plant growing in highly polluted conditions
(c) Apomictic plants
(d) Tissue cultured raise plants

Answer 1

Somaclonal variation carried out to regenerate the organized structure of the main plant through cultured cells. It leads to genetic variation, which develops spontaneously in culture due to stress conditions.

Complete answer:
When explant develops from the non meristematic area then it leads to somaclonal variations which appear in tissue culture raised plants. It is used for the production of many useful disease and stress resistance varieties. The culture of the somaclonal cell for the production of variation takes place in vitro, which involves the selection of biochemical mutants. Short duration sugarcane, higher self-life in tomato, and rust resistance in wheat are some of the examples of somaclonal variation.

Additional Information: The tissue culture technique was first suggested by Gottlieb Haberlandt in 1902. In this technique, an explanation is used for raising new plants. Culture medium contains nutrients like certain vitamins, a small percent of sucrose, amino acid glycine, and growth regulator for growth and development of explants. Explant which is used in tissue culture should be pathogen-free therefore it is treated with antimicrobial chemicals, which help to remove surface contaminants and airborne microbes. The culture should be placed in a disinfectant culture room where the temperature is about 24 degrees Celsius. Plant tissue culture takes place by two methods, Callus, and suspension culture, and Explant culture. Callus and suspension culture requires growth regulators like auxin and cytokinin to culture out a new plant in a solid and liquid medium. When the tissue biomass increases the culturing will stop due to a decrease in the nutrient level and growth regulator. This requires the transfer of part of culture from one vessel to another which helps in rapid growth and multiplication and this process is known as subculturing. Explant culture is of five different types, meristem culture, embryo culture, anther culture, and protoplast culture. Meristem is taken out from shoot apex and young buds over nodes, an embryo is taken out from developing seed, another obtained from meio-spore and protoplast are taken leaf mesophyll or stem cortical tissue. All this explains culture after sterilization in the nutrient medium.
So, the correct answer is ‘Tissue culture raised plants’.

Note: Growth regulator use in tissue culture is with or without the presence of nutrients like yeast, coconut milk, and banana pulp. Tissue culture causes demerit in some cases by less resilience of propagating plant to disease by which plant that obtains is not disease resistant.