Question

Phanerogams without ovary are
(a) Thallophytes
(b) Bryophytes
(c) Pteridophytes
(d) Gymnosperms

Answer 1

Phanerogams are plants that have seeds.
Phanerogams are also called spermatophytes.
Phanerogams have four groups:
-Cycadophyta
-Ginkgophyta
-Pinophyta
-Gnetophyta

Complete answer:
Phanerogams without ovaries are Gymnosperms.
Gymnosperms are seed producing plants with unclosed seed, i.e, their seeds are open without any protection. Gymnosperms have naked seeds which results in the lack of an ovary as the seeds are not contained in a fruit. Their seeds usually develop at the surface of leaves or form cones. The largest gymnosperms are known to be conifers. Other large gymnosperms include cycads and gnetophyte.
Thallophytes are a group of non-motile organisms and are described as simple plants.
They have a hidden reproductive system and hence are a part of cryptogamae.
Bryophytes are a group of nonvascular plants that are present on land. They consist of:
-Liverworts
-Hornworts
-Mosses
They have closed reproductive structures but do not produce seeds.
Pteridophytes are spore dispersing, vascular plants. They are referred to as cryptogams as they produce neither flower nor seed.

So, the correct answer is ‘Gymnosperms.’

Note:
Gymnosperms lack an outer covering or shell around their seeds.
They do not produce flowers.
They do not produce any fruits.
Conifers are the most abundant gymnosperms with almost 70 genera and almost 630 species. They are woody and mostly evergreen. Coniferous leaves are long, needle-like and thin. Other gymnosperm species have flat and triangular scale-like leaves.
Cycads have 11 genera and almost 340 species. They are usually found in tropical climates and are most abundant in the equatorial region.
Gymnosperms are economically useful. They are used in the production of lumber, paper and resin. Some gymnosperms are used in the manufacturing of soap, varnish, perfumes and nail polish.