Question

Pasteurization means
(a) Vaccination for a baby against smallpox.
(b) Sterilization in the steam cooker at ${ 100 }^{\circ }$ for 10 minutes.
(c) Heating milk or other liquid to ${ 60 }^{\circ }{ C }$ to ${ 70 }^{\circ}{ C }$ for a short duration.
(d) A technique for curing people bitten by mad dogs.

Answer 1

This process involves the application of increased temperature for the purpose of removal of germs from some liquid items so that their shelf life will be increased.

Complete answer:
Pasteurization means heating milk or other liquid to ${ 60 }^{\circ }{ C }$ to ${ 70 }^{\circ }{ C }$ for a short duration. This process destroys pathogenic microorganisms in certain foods and beverages.
Milk is pasteurized by heating it to ${ 63 }^{\circ }{ C }$ or ${ 145 }^{\circ }{ F }$ for 30 minutes or ${ 72 }^{\circ }{ C }$ or ${ 161 }^{\circ }{ F }$ for 15 seconds to kill the most resistant harmful bacteria.
-The entire process is named after the French scientist Louis Pasteur. In the year1860, he demonstrated that by heating the beverages to about ${ 57 }^{\circ }{ C }$ or ${ 135 }^{\circ }{ F }$ for a few minutes the abnormal fermentation of wine and beer could be prevented.
-In several countries including India, pasteurization is widely practiced for milk and dairy products.
-During pasteurization, it is necessary to maintain the time and temperature to destroy the Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other disease-causing microorganisms found in milk.
-Pasteurization prolongs the storage time of food by destroying most of the spoilage causing microorganisms. It not only ensures safety but also extends the shelf life. When properly refrigerated the shelf life for high-quality pasteurized milk is about 14 days.
-It is done by two methods:
1)High-temperature short-time (HTST) method: In this method milk is heated to ${ 72 }^{\circ }{ C }$ or ${ 161 }^{\circ }{ F }$ for 15 seconds or above.
2)Ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) pasteurization method: In this method milk is heated to ${ 138 }^{\circ }{ C }$ or ${ 280 }^{\circ }{ F }$ for two seconds.

So, the correct answer is, ‘Heating milk or other liquid to ${ 60 }^{\circ }{ C }$ to ${ 70 }^{\circ }{ C }$ for a short duration’.

Note:
-Pasteurization kills pathogenic microorganisms in certain foods and beverages.
-The entire process is named after the French scientist Louis Pasteur.
-When properly refrigerated the shelf life for high-quality pasteurized milk is about 14 days.
-Pasteurization not only ensures safety but also extends the shelf life.