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Question: In the glycolysis pathway, which of the following steps show a reduction of coenzymes? A) \[1,3 – ...

In the glycolysis pathway, which of the following steps show a reduction of coenzymes?
A) 1,3–diphosphoglycerate to 3−phosphoglycerate  1,3 – diphosphoglycerate{\text{ }} to {\text{ }}3 - phosphoglycerate\;
B) Glucose−6−phosphate to fructose 6−phosphate  Glucose - 6 - phosphate{\text{ }} to {\text{ }}fructose{\text{ }}6 - phosphate\;
C) Glyceraldehyde−3−phosphate to 1,3−diphosphoglycerate  Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate{\text{ }} to {\text{ }}1,3 - diphosphoglycerate\;
D) 3−phosphoglycerate to 2−phosphoglycerate3 - phosphoglycerate{\text{ }} to {\text{ }}2 - phosphoglycerate

Explanation

Solution

Glycolysis is defined as the process of partial oxidation of glucose to form two molecules of pyruvic acid. Glycolysis does not require oxygen. In plants, glucose is derived from sucrose, which is the end product of photosynthesis, or from stored carbohydrates. Glycolysis means splitting up of sugar.

Complete answer:
The approach to finding out the answer for this question would be to understand what happened in the steps which are mentioned in the options individually.

So, In the first options, 1,3−diphosphoglycerate to 3−phosphoglycerate  1,3 - diphosphoglycerate{\text{ }}to{\text{ }}3 - phosphoglycerate\;, this reaction occurs with utilisation of ATP molecule in present of enzyme named as Phosphoglycerate kinase.

Now, in second option, Glucose−6−phosphate to fructose 6−phosphate  Glucose - 6 - phosphate{\text{ }}to{\text{ }}fructose{\text{ }}6 - phosphate\;
This reaction occurs with the help of the enzyme Phospho-glucose isomerase.

In third options, Glyceraldehyde−3−phosphate to 1,3−diphosphoglycerate  Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate{\text{ }} to {\text{ }}1,3 - diphosphoglycerate\;, is reduced by coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. In the glycolysis pathway glyceraldehyde 3−phosphateglyceraldehyde{\text{ }}3 - phosphateis converted to 1,3−diphosphoglycerate1,3 - diphosphoglycerate. In this step, NAD++NA{D^{ + + }} is reduced asNADH2NAD{H_2} Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme that is found in all living cells.

Lastly, in the fourth option,3−phosphoglycerate to 2−phosphoglycerate3 - phosphoglycerate{\text{ }}to{\text{ }}2 - phosphoglycerate
The molecule responsible for catalysing this reaction is called phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM). Mutase is an enzyme that catalyses the transfer of a functional group from one position on a molecule to another.

Therefore, the answer is option C, glyceraldehyde 3−phosphateglyceraldehyde{\text{ }}3 - phosphate to 1,3−diphosphoglycerate1,3 - diphosphoglycerate.

Note: The first half of this pathway activates glucose (glucose activation phase). The second half extracts the energy (energy extraction phase) Each molecule of glucose produces two molecules of pyruvic acid after partial oxidation, at the end of the glycolysis. The net gain of the ATP in the process is 2ATP molecules.