Question

If p is the hole concentration, n is the electron concentration and ni is the intrinsic concentration then at thermal equilibrium, then the mass action in semiconductors states that

Answer 1

The mass action law for intrinsic semiconductors at thermal equilibrium states that the product of the electron concentration$(( n ))$and the hole concentration $(( p ))$is always equal to the square of the intrinsic carrier concentration$(( n_i )).$
Mathematically, this is expressed as:
$n \times p = n_i^2$
This relationship holds true for intrinsic as well as extrinsic (both p-type and n-type) semiconductors at thermal equilibrium, given that the temperature and the semiconductor material remain constant.