Question

How does diabetes affect cell communication?

Answer 1

Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which blood glucose level rises. It takes place because of a decrease in the secretion of hormone resulting in less blood sugar level in the body.

Complete answer:
-Diabetes mellitus is caused by insufficiency of insulin in the body. In this condition, the body does not produce sufficient insulin for normal functioning. Insulin is a hormone produced by pancreas.
-The digestive tract breaks down carbohydrates after a meal and converts them into glucose. In the small intestine glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream. Insulin allows cells in the body to consume sugar until glucose is in the bloodstream and use it for energy.
-Insulin helps in controlling the blood glucose levels it tells the body to store the waste when bloodstream consumes too much glucose. When the body does not use insulin properly or does not produce enough insulin, diabetes takes place. Two types of diabetes exist:
Type 1 diabetes: The body is unable to produce insulin as insulin producing cells are killed by your own immune system.
Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreas produces insulin but they are not sufficient to fulfil the body.
-As insulin goes to blood and to other body cells for glucose production but in diabetes cell communication is completely lost the insulin cannot use proper insulin or do not produce it as insulin signals are completely inactive in this case and glucose starts becoming dangerous in the blood.
Healthy levels of glucose in the blood reduces the risk of complications of diabetes.
-In diabetes patient the insulin resistance is decreased by insulin receptors leading to disruption in the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptors and because of that there is decrease in the signalling pathway and the protein AKT activity will be increased leading to low glucose transport in the body thus by this way diabetes affects the cell communication completely.

Note: Insulin is an anabolic hormone. There are certain receptors on insulin and they perform tyrosine kinase activity which leads to decrease in glucose level in diabetes patients. Besides affecting the cell communication it can harm the kidney, heart, nervous system etc.