Question

How do ribosomes make proteins?

Answer 1

Translation is a process that involves the synthesis of proteins from the ribosomes that are present in the endoplasmic reticulum or cytoplasm of the cell.

Complete answer:
1.Gene expression involves two steps that ate transcription and translation and they are collectively responsible for the formation of protein from a DNA molecule.
2.The first step of translation is the activation of amino acids and attaching them to the tRNA, this is done by ATP and this process is known as aminoacylation of tRNA.
3.The ribosome contains RNA and different proteins and it is made up of two units that are a small unit and a large subunit. When the mRNA associates with the smaller subunit the translation of the mRNA begins.
4.The ribosome attaches to the start codon of the mRNA after which the ribosome enters the elongation phase where the complementary base pairing occurs between the codon of mRNA and the anticodon of tRNA.
5.The ribosome moves over the mRNA in a step by step manner and all the amino acids are attached which forms the polypeptide chain and the translation process ends with the binding of the release factor and stops codon of the mRNA and the final product polypeptide which is a protein chain is discharged.

Note: The process of translation requires a translation unit that consists of an mRNA that has both a start codon and a stop codon and there are some sequences before the start codon and after stop codon on mRNA that is known as UTR which means untranslated regions, This sequence is very necessary for translation to take place effectively but these sequences are not translated during the translation process.