Question

How can I name hydrocarbons with functional groups?

Answer 1

Different functional groups attached to a hydrocarbon have different stem names. The number of carbon has to be counted in the main chain and the stem word of the respective functional group has to be attached in the end.

Complete answer:
In order to answer our question, we need to know about the nomenclature of hydrocarbons. Now, alkanes come with the mother word that is “ane”. Any alkane will contain “ane” regardless of its structure or any functional groups attached to it. When the alkane’s structure is drawn, then for ease, we number the carbon atoms and these numbers are called locants., which come just before the substituent or any functional group. However, if there is only one space possible for a functional group, the locants are omitted.
Alkenes: Let us consider $C{{H}_{3}}CH=C{{H}_{2}}$, here we have a double bond and 3 carbon atoms, so the name will be propene.
Alkynes: Alkynes come with the stem word of “yne”. SO, we will attach a “yne” regardless of functional groups and structure. For example, in $C{{H}_{3}}C\equiv CH$, we have a triple bond and three carbon atoms, so the name will be propyne.
Alkyl groups: These are straight chain functional groups and come with the stem word “yl”, the carbon which is attached to the main chain of the group is called the C-1 carbon. For example,$C{{H}_{3}}C{{H}_{2}}C{{H}_{2}}-$is a functional group having three carbon atoms hence it is propyl.
Ethers: They have the stem name of “oxy”, for example, $C{{H}_{3}}-O-C{{H}_{2}}C{{H}_{3}}$ is named as methoxy ethane
Amines: They possess the steam name of “amino”. For example, $C{{H}_{3}}C{{H}_{2}}N{{H}_{2}}$ has the nomenclature as aminoethane.
Alcohols: They have the stem name of “al”, for example, $C{{H}_{3}}C{{H}_{2}}CHO$ is called a propanal.
Ketones: They have the steam name of “one”, for example, $C{{H}_{3}}C{{H}_{2}}COC{{H}_{3}}$ is known as butanone.
Carboxylic acids: They have steam name of “oic acid” and an example will be $C{{H}_{3}}C{{H}_{2}}COOH$, which is called propionic acid.
Esters: They have two stem names for alcohol part and acid part. Alcohol has stem “yl” and acid has the stem of “oate”. For example, $C{{H}_{3}}COOC{{H}_{3}}$ is called methyl ethanoate.
Amides: They have the stem name of “amide”, for example, $C{{H}_{3}}C{{H}_{2}}CON{{H}_{2}}$ is called as propenamide.

Note:
If no functional group is attached to a chain then generally, we name the chain as n-(root word)ane. For example, $C{{H}_{3}}C{{H}_{2}}C{{H}_{2}}CH=C{{H}_{2}}$ is known as n pentane.