Question

Homologous organs explain:-
A) Convergent evolution
B) Divergent evolution
C) Pedogenesis
D) Prodigality

Answer 1

Different kinds of organisms have a number of common features that provide evidence in favour of evolution because they evolved from the common ancestors. If two species have more features in common, then they are more closely related to each other and have a common ancestor and trace the evolutionary relationships among organisms. These features are used as evidence for evolution.

Complete answer:
Homologous organs are those organisms that contain the same basic design or structure, origin but perform different functions. Now, this term is more clear with the help of the following examples – The forelimbs of different organisms have the same structure or design such as – humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges but have different functions.
Man – use for grasping
Lizard – use for running
Bat and Bird – use for flying
This example shows the homologous organs containing different functions but having the same structure.

Now, look at the options that we are provided with –
Convergent evolution – The organisms having the same function due to which different structures evolve similarly. This evolution explains the analogous organs.
Divergent evolution – Due to different requirements or needs, some structures of the organisms have developed differently. This evolution explains the homologous organs.
Pedogenesis – It is the study of soil in its natural environment. It is also referred to as soil evolution, soil development, soil formation, etc.
Prodigality – It is a process in which the number of organisms increases which creates pressure on the environment’s carrying capacity.

So, the correct answer is option (B) Divergent evolution.

Note:
- The wings of a butterfly and the bat can’t be considered as homologous organs because they have different structures or designs but are used for flying which is the same function in both.
- Other examples of homologous organs are – thorns and tendrils of Cucurbita and Bougainvillaea in plants, in animals (vertebrae, hearts or brains).