Question

Helotism is a term used for the symbiosis of
A. Algae and bacteria.
B. Algae and bryophytes
C. Algae and pteridophytes
D. Algae and fungi.

Answer 1

Hint:- The ecological phenomenon by which two or more organisms remain in association, having individual benefits is Known as mutualism. Mutualism includes two other phenomena, named symbiosis and cooperation. Helotism is a type of symbiosis where two organisms associate together for their survival.

Complete Answer:- Helotism term refers to the symbiotic association of algae and fungi which is commonly called Lichen. Lichen is a complex organism that comprises the association of two different living bodies, named algae or cyanobacteria and the fungi. Cyanobacteria or algae remain in the filaments of the fungus. It can be found in various shapes, sizes, and colours. Sometimes, Lichen forms the plant structure but Lichens are not considered as the plant. Lichen can grow nearly on every surface and can survive in almost any conditions like tundra region to sea level.
As lichen comprises fungus as a symbiont, the Lichen belongs to the fungus kingdom. There are mainly three types of growth forms of Lichen that are found in nature. These are Foliose, Fruticose, and Crustose. Foliose are leaf-like structured, with ridges and normally green coloured Lichen. Fruticose are cup-like or hair-like lichen and Crustose are found in clusters with variant colours like orange, yellow red etc.

So, the correct answer is option D. Algae and fungi

Note:- In the Helotism relationship fungi present by surrounding the cyanobacteria or algae. This arrangement provides algae protection. Cyanobacteria or algae are capable of synthesising their food by photosynthesis. In return, the algae supply the nutrition to the fungi. Thus the association benefits both the organisms.