Question

Gynogenic haploid plants are obtained through
A. Anther culture
B. Ovule culture
C. Embryo culture
D. Shoot tip culture

Answer 1

Haploid plants, in contrast to diploids which contain two chromosomes ($2n$), have a single set of chromosomes (gametophytic no. of chromosomes, i.e., $n$) in the sporophyte. Haploid plants can be obtained in vitro by inducing sporophytic growth in male or female gametic cells. In-vitro development of haploid plants is obtained by two methods. The following are androgenesis and gynogenesis.

Complete answer: In the absence of any involvement by the sperm nucleus, gynogenesis is the production of an egg stimulated by sperm. Haploid development has proved to be possible alternatives for Gynogenesis in plants, particularly in species that have recalcitrant androgenesis, and that have a high level of albino regenerated plants, or because of male and dioecious sterility and nature of plants. Invitro can be triggered for sporophytic growth by megaspores or female plant gametophytes. Haploid crops were first described in barley by gynogenesis, which is cultivated by unfertilized ovaries. Ovule culture is an elegant experimental method by which ovules are insulated from the ovary aseptically and cultivated aseptically under regulated conditions on chemically specific nutrient media. Anther culture produces androgenic haploids. Embryo culture and shooting tip culture does not contain haploids. Ovule crop is the source of gynogenic haploids.
Hence, the correct answer is Option - B

Note: Gynogenic haploids can, as with androgenesis, evolve directly or indirectly through callus regeneration. Gynogenesis’s first cell divisions are normally identical to zygotic embryos divisions. The egg cell, the synergies and/or antipodals with coordinated cell divisions, are typically direct gynogenesis and contribute to proembryo development, accompanied by the formation of distinctive embryos.