Question

Given diagram illustrates an evolutionary tree. Which of the following statements can be deduced from the given evolutionary tree? i) The ancestral eukaryotes are anaerobic. ii) All eukaryotes possess mitochondria. iii) Eubacteria and Eukaryota have common ancestors whereas Archaebacteria has a unique and independent origin. iv) Mitochondria and chloroplast have similar genomes. v) Mitochondria are present in plants, animals and fungi. vi) Chloroplast and mitochondria arose as endosymbionts. vii) Fungi and animals lost chloroplasts during evolution.

Answer 1

Evolutionary tree involves the classification of organisms on the basis of descent from a common ancestor. It focuses mainly on the evolutionary ancestors or phylogenetic system.

Complete answer:
Evolutionary trees tell the developmental history of the population of related organisms. It is known by a phylogenetic tree that shows how species are joined to one another by the help of shared ancestors. A clade is a collection of species that contains ancestors and all its descendants. In the above diagram it is shown an evolutionary tree of ancestral prokaryotes were Ancestral eukaryotes leads to Plants, Animals and Fungi whereas Eubacteria forms Photosynthetic bacteria known as Blue green algae which are very helpful in photosynthesis, it also evolve into other bacteria like Archaebacteria over a period of time.
i) The ancestral eukaryotes are anaerobic. This statement is wrong as all the ancestral eukaryotes follow the aerobic stage. They use the aerobic stage for the exploitation of an oxygenated atmosphere by the help of oxygen to store the energy that is inside the organic molecules. Aerobic stage helps them in obtaining the energy.
ii) All Eukaryotes contain mitochondria. Mitochondria are known to be the powerhouse of eukaryotes; it is useful for the growth and development of cells. It is the crucial site for aerobic respiration and it brings about the oxidation of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
iii) Eubacteria and Eukaryota have a common ancestors as it was proved when the scientist compared the sequences of both the species and the formation of both is by aerobic process so we can say that they have a common ancestor whereas archaebacteria has an independent origin because all the machinery processes is done by them only so the statement is true.
iv)Mitochondria and chloroplast have the similar genomes this statement is true as mitochondria acts as powerhouse whereas chloroplast contains pigment and the mitochondria actively perform due to chloroplast pigment. So chloroplast pigment as well as mitochondria region (powerhouse) both have similar structure and function. Hence both contain similar genomes.
v) Mitochondria are found in plants, animals and fungi. It is present in the plant kingdom but in animals and fungi there may be or not. So this statement is wrong.
vi) Chloroplast and mitochondria arose as endosymbionts this statement is wrong as the chloroplast acts as a pigment whereas mitochondria is a powerhouse these structures are not internally maintained called endosymbionts but are in associations called exo-symbionts.
vii) Fungi and animals lost chloroplasts during evolution. This is true because the fungi kingdom and habitat has evolved with the loss of chloroplast because so that they are now classified into different groups whereas chloroplastic activity in animals is lost after certain evolutions hence now they lack chloroplast due to variations.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

Note:
The evolutionary tree detects the evolutionary or genealogical development. The evolution of species comes from a standard ancestor which is known by how the branches connect with each other. The branch points represent the foremost recent common ancestor of all the groups descended from that common point.