Question

Give any two differences between Inductive effect and Electromeric effect.

Answer 1

‌ To solve this question, we must first understand the concepts of Inductive effect. Then we need to assess their properties and note down the differences between them and then only we can conclude the correct answer.

Complete step by step solution:
Before we move forward with the solution of this given question, let us first understand some basic concepts:
Inductive Effect: is an effect regarding the transmission of unequal sharing of the bonding electron through a chain of atoms in a molecule, leading to a permanent dipole in a bond. It is present in a $\sigma$ (sigma) bond as opposed to an electromeric effect which is present on a $\pi {\text{ }}\left( {pi} \right)$ bond. The halogen atoms in alkyl halide are electron withdrawing and alkyl groups are electron donating.
Electromeric Effect: refers to a molecular polarizability effect occurring by an intramolecular electron displacement characterized by the substitution of one electron pair for another within the same atomic octet of electrons. The electromeric effect is often considered along with inductive effect as types of electron displacement.
Differences between Inductive effect and Electromeric effect:

1. Inductive effect is observed in the $\sigma$ (sigma) bond system whereas Electromeric effect is observed in $\pi {\text{ }}\left( {pi} \right)$ bond system.
2. Inductive effect is observed when two atoms with different electronegativity values form the chemical bond whereas Electromeric effect occurs when a molecule having multiple bonds is exposed to an attacking agent such as a proton.
3. Inductive effect is a permanent effect, it doesn’t need the presence of a reagent whereas Electromeric effect is a temporary effect, it needs the presence of an electrophilic or nucleophilic reagent.

Note: Inductive and Electromeric effect comes under the types of Electronic effects. The electronic displacement in an organic molecule may take place under the influence of an atom or a substituent group or in the presence of an appropriate attacking reagent. The other types of Electronic effects are Resonance effect, Mesomeric effect and Hyperconjugation.