Question

Genetically engineered bacteria have been used in the commercial production of
A. Thyroxine
B. Testosterone
C. Human insulin
D. Melatonin

Answer 1

Genetic engineering, often known as genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is a biotechnology-based process that manipulates or modifies the genes of organisms. Biotechnology and genetic engineering are intertwined; they both rely on one another to achieve their responsibilities. This method is a collection of technologies for altering the genetic makeup of diverse cells and carrying out gene transfers within and beyond species boundaries in order to create enhanced, new, and genetically modified creatures.

Complete answer:
Option A: The thyroid gland produces thyroxine hormone from tyrosine and iodine.
So option A is not correct.
Option B: This anabolic steroid is a synthetic type of testosterone derived from soy or yams rather than the human body. It can be injected, applied as patches, or ingested in different ways.
So option B is not correct.
Option C: E.coli that has been genetically modified to produce human insulin. Insulin-producing genes from humans were introduced into E.coli bacteria, which produced insulin dubbed 'humulin' for clinical use, utilising genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology. On July $5$, $1983$, an American pharmaceutical company, Eli Lilly, began commercial production of this form of insulin.
So option C is correct.
Option D: Melatonin is mostly produced commercially using complicated chemical synthesis.
So option D is not correct.

So option C is the correct answer.

Note:
Steps of production of human insulin-
Human insulin is recovered from pancreatic cells, and two genes responsible for insulin chain A and chain B synthesis are removed.
A plasmid vector is created in the second stage.
Then, into this plasmid vector, introduce the human insulin chain A and B generating genes. Recombinant DNA is formed as a result of this process.
The next step is to inject recombinant DNA into the bacterial cell once more. The recombinant bacterium emerges as a result of this process.
Finally, place the recombinant bacteria in a large fermentation tank to multiply. Human insulin chains A and B will be produced by each bacteria.
These A and B insulin chains are then extracted, purified, and combined to form human insulin by forming disulfide bonds.