Question

Find out which of the following statements are true(T)/false(F) and choose the correct option.
I. Adult human kidney measures 10−12cm in length, 5−7cm in width, 2−3cm in thickness with an average weight of 120−170gm
II. Blood vessels, nerves and urethra enter the kidney through the hilum
III. Inner to the hilum of the kidney is a broad funnel-shaped space called the renal pelvis with projections called calyces
IV. Renal capsule is a soft layer made of perinephric adipose tissue only
Options

| I| II| III| IV
---|---|---|---|---
a)| T| T| T| T
b) | F| F| T| T
c) | T| F| T| F
d)| T| T| F| F

A. (a)
B. (b)
C. (c)
D. (d)

Answer 1

Human beings have a pair of bean-shaped kidneys that are situated left and right in the retroperitoneal space. The main function of the kidney is to filter blood, remove toxins, reabsorb useful nutrients and produce urine. It is an important organ for osmoregulation.

Complete answer:
The nephrons are the fundamental structural and functional units of the kidney. They are made up of glomerulus, renal tubules, Henley’s loop etc which all together work to filter and reabsorb. An adult kidney is dark red and bean-shaped which measures around 10−12cm in length, 5−7cm in width, 2−3cm in thickness with an average weight of 120−170gm. The kidney of a male weighs around 150gm whereas that of a female is around 135gm. (a statement I is true). The kidney is surrounded by a thin membrane covering called the renal capsule. It is made up of tough fibres or collagen and elastin which protects the kidney from any injury. It has perirenal adipose tissue. (statement IV is false as the perinephric fat deposition is the oedema in the perirenal space)

The kidney is differentiated into three regions- the cortex which is the outer region, the middle region or the medulla and the renal pelvis the inner region also known as the hilum. The hilum is the inner part of the bean which is concave in shape. Through this part of the blood vessels, the nerves enter and exit the kidney. This the point through which the ureters exit the kidney. The urethra is the tube that connects the urinary bladder to the outside. (Statement II is false) The renal Pelvis is a funnel-shaped region through which the urine flows from the kidney to the urinary bladder through the ureter. The calyxes are the projections through which the urine passes. (statement III true)

The structure of the kidney is shown below.

Therefore the correct answer is option ‘C’.

Note: The kidney helps in maintaining the pH of our body. The osmotic balance and the blood pressure are regulated by the ions excreted through the kidneys. The kidneys are not functioning properly; the person has to undergo dialysis so as to remove toxins from the body.