Question

Elevation of prolactin level in normal female causes
A. Non implantation
B. Non ovulation
C. Oligo ovulation
D. Ovarian cysts

Answer 1

A prolactin (PRL) test measures the amount of prolactin within the blood. Prolactin could be defined as a hormone made by the endocrine gland, a little gland at the bottom of the brain.

Complete Answer:
- Prolactin levels are normally high for pregnant women and new mothers. Levels are generally low for non-pregnant women. It acts in the development of breasts and induces formation of milk after a baby is born. Normally, both men and ladies have small amounts of prolactin in their blood. The level of prolactin is controlled by prolactin inhibiting factors (PIFs), like dopamine.
- During pregnancy, prolactin levels go up. After the baby is born, there's a sudden drop by estrogen and progesterone. High prolactin levels trigger the body to form milk for breastfeeding. In women who aren’t pregnant, prolactin helps regulate the oscillation (periods). In men, prolactin affects sperm production. If prolactin levels are beyond normal, it often means there's a kind of tumor of the pituitary body, referred to as a prolactinoma. This tumor makes the gland produce an excessive amount of prolactin.
- Excess prolactin can cause the assembly of breast milk in men and in women who don't seem to be pregnant or breastfeeding. In women, an excessive amount of prolactin may also cause menstrual problems and infertility (the inability to urge pregnancy). In men, it can result in lower drive and dysfunction (ED). Also called impotence, ED is that the inability to induce or maintain an erection. Although prolactinoma isn't life-threatening, it can cause vision difficulties, infertility and other problems. Prolactinoma is the commonest form of hormone-producing tumor which will develop in your hypophysis.

Symptoms:
Prolactinoma won't cause any noticeable signs or symptoms. However, excessive prolactin (hyperprolactinemia) or pressure on surrounding tissues from an outsized tumor can cause signs or symptoms. Because elevated prolactin can disrupt the system (hypogonadism), a number of the signs and symptoms of prolactinoma are specific to females or males.

In females, prolactinoma can cause:
- Irregular menstrual periods or no menstrual periods
- Milky discharge from the breasts when not pregnant or breast-feeding
- Painful intercourse thanks to vaginal dryness
- Acne and excessive body and facial hair growth

In both sexes, prolactinoma can cause:
- Low bone density
- Reduction of other hormone production by the endocrine gland as a results of tumor pressure
- Loss of interest in gender
- Headaches
- Visual disturbances
- Infertility

Women tend to note signs and symptoms prior men do, when tumors are smaller in size, probably thanks to missed or irregular menstrual periods. Men tend to note signs and symptoms later, when tumors are larger and more likely to cause headache or vision problems.

Therefore, the correct option is A, non-implantation.

Note: Complications of prolactinoma may include:
- Bone loss (osteoporosis): Excessive amount of prolactin reduces production of estrogen and testosterone, leading to decreased bone density and an increased risk of osteoporosis.
- Pregnancy complications: During a traditional pregnancy, the assembly of estrogen increases. If you're pregnant and have an oversized prolactinoma, these high levels of estrogen may cause tumor growth and associated signs and symptoms, like headaches and changes in vision.
- Vision loss: Left untreated, a prolactinoma may grow large enough to compress your nervus opticus. this may cause a loss of sight.
- Low levels of other pituitary hormones: With larger prolactinomas, pressure on the traditional pituitary can cause lower levels of other hormones controlled by the pituitary, including thyroid hormones and cortisol (a stress-response hormone).