Question

Draw the diagram of Permutit column used in softening hard water and label the part

Answer 1

Water is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen that can exist in solid, liquid and gases. The hardness caused by dissolution of soluble bicarbonates of $Ca$ or $Mg$ in water is called temporary hardness can be removed simply by heating. Permutit column is used for the softening of the hard water. Its principle is to convert the dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium into insoluble calcium and magnesium permits.

Complete step by step answer:
This method both helps in removing both permanent hardness and temporary hardness. The naturally occurring sodium aluminium silicate is known as Zeolite. The artificially prepared sodium aluminium silicate is known as permutit. Permutit can be prepared when heating quartz, sand, china clay and sodium carbonate. Another method of preparing permutit is to fuse sodium silicate and sodium aluminates. Permutit is present in the form of a porous gel.
Permutit is an artificial zeolite. In chemistry it is hydrated sodium aluminum orthosilicate. A tall cylinder is loosely filled with lumps of permutit. Ions get traded when hard water containing $Ca$ and $Mg$ ions percolates through these lumps. $Na$ permutit is slowly changed into $Ca$ and $Mg$ permits, and the water becomes soft with the removal of $Ca$ and $Mg$ ions.

Additional Information:
The hardness caused by dissolution of soluble $SO_4^{ - 2}$ and chlorides of $Mg$ or $Ca$ in water is called permanent hardness. This type of hardness cannot be removed by the simple method and needs special chemical methods. Hence, such type of hardness is called permanent hardness. In the water molecule, central atom oxygen undergoes $s{p^3}$ hybridization. But as lone pair-lone pair repulsion is greater than that between lone pair-bond pair and bond pair-bond pair, the tetrahedral shape is distorted. Thus, $H - O - H$ bond angle decreases from $109.5^\circ$ (which is a regular tetrahedral bond angle) to $104.5^\circ$ So, the ${H_2}O$ molecule has a distorted tetrahedral structure. It has a bent (V-shaped) structure.

Note:
Zeolite is made up of micro porous minerals which have the tendency of exchanging ions. Hence Zeolite sodium aluminium silicate is used to remove the hardness of the water. In this process, sodium ions are exchanged with the calcium and magnesium ions of the hard water. With the help of ion exchange process, chamber of cation and anion exchange is used to obtain pure water.