Question

Differentiation of callus into plant parts
(a) Embryogenesis
(b) Embroid formation
(c) Morphogenesis
(d) Totipotency

Answer 1

A callus is a group of cells arising from the proliferation of cells from the segment (explants) of plant organs. Plant callus derived from many different cell types and can differentiate into the shoot, root, and vegetative parts.

Complete step by step answer:
- Callus formation is driven by plant hormones such as auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.
- The process of getting the whole plant regenerated from the tissue of the callus is called organogenesis or morphogenesis.
- So morphogenesis is the process of differentiation of callus into the root, shoot, and vegetative parts under the influence of growth regulators. Hormones used to regulate the growth of callus is auxin.
So, the correct answer is option C, ”morphogenesis”.

Additional information:
- There are three stages of callus culture:
1)Induction: Cells in explant dedifferentiated and begin to divide.
2)Proliferative stage: Rapid cell division
3)Morphogenesis stage: differentiation and formation of organized structure is specifically a process that leads to plant regeneration from somatic cells.
- Morphogenesis is done by two types-

1. Organogenesis: Here the formation of organs such as leaves, shoots, roots take place.
2. Somatic embryogenesis: embryo initiation and development from somatic cells.
   Totipotency: It is the genetic ability of a plant cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism (produce the entire plant).

Note:
- Callus tissue proliferates as an amorphous mass of cells having no regular shape but they can be distinguished on the basis of other characters such as texture color hormone.
- On the basis of texture, callus can be hard and soft.
- Being a mechanical process, forces are generated within the cells and cause them to move and essentially help to get new forms.