Question

Core zone, buffer zone, and manipulation zone are found in
(a) National Park
(b) Sanctuary
(c) Tiger reserve
(d) Biosphere reserve

Answer 1

Core zone, buffer zone, and manipulation zone are important areas where the habitat and Natural resources are strictly protected by the forest department. The protected species include wild populations, native tribal, cultivated plants, and domesticated animals.

Complete step by step answer:
To carry out the complementary activities of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of natural resources, biosphere reserves are traditionally organized into three interrelated zones; core zone, buffer zone, transition, or manipulation zone. Biosphere reserves are areas where all biological species are given protection, and multiple land use is permitted. They are established by the countries in which they are located and recognized by UNESCO's Man and Biosphere(MAB) program.
The concept of the Biosphere reserve was launched by UNESCO in 1971 as a part of the MAB program. Its prime objectives are; 1) The conservation of all forms of life and their support systems and 2) The promotion of sustainable development, based on the effort of the local community. It also seeks to bring man and nature together to preserve nature and natural resources. In the core zone, no human activities are permitted, in the buffer zone limited human activity is permitted, and in the manipulation zone free human activities are permitted.
So, the correct answer is ‘(d) Biosphere Reserve’.

Additional Information:
- Biosphere reserve is a kind of in situ conservation. In situ conservation is the on- site conservation of plants and animals in their natural environments.
- So, it involves the conservation of total ecosystems in protected areas.
- The protected area is a distinct geographical region, identified, managed, and preserved for long- term conservation of biodiversity.
- protected areas include; National Park, Wildlife sanctuaries, Biosphere reserves, Natural world heritage sites, Conservation reserves, Ramsar Wetland sites, Important coastal and marine areas, etc.

Note:
- At present, there are 631 biosphere reserves around the world, located in 119 countries. In India 18 areas have been notified as biosphere reserves.
- Nanda Devi Biosphere, Uttarakhand Biosphere Reserve, and Nokrek Biosphere are some of them. In India, the Nilgiri biosphere reserve is the first declared one. It was formed on 23-9-1987.
- It spread over Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. It covers forests in Nilgiri, Periyar, Nilambur, silent valley, Wayanad, Nagarhole.