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Question: Consider an electric field \( \vec E = {E_ \circ }\hat x,{\text{ where }}{E_ \circ } \) is a constan...

Consider an electric field E⃗=E∘x^, where E∘\vec E = {E_ \circ }\hat x,{\text{ where }}{E_ \circ } is a constant. The flux through the shaded area ( as shown in the figure) due to this field is:

A. 2E∘a22{{E}_{\circ }}{{a}^{2}}
B. 2E∘a2\sqrt{2}{{E}_{\circ }}{{a}^{2}}
C. E∘a2{{E}_{\circ }}{{a}^{2}}
D. E∘a22\dfrac{{{E}_{\circ }}{{a}^{2}}}{\sqrt{2}}

Explanation

Solution

Hint: The electric flux through a given area held inside an electric field is the measure of the total number of electric lines of force passing through that area. Mathematically, it can be defined as the product of the normal component of the electric field and the surface area.

Formula Used:
Electric flux, ΔϕE=EΔScos⁡θ=E⃗.ΔS⃗\Delta {{\phi }_{E}}=E\Delta S\cos \theta =\vec{E}.\Delta \vec{S}
where
E is the magnitude of electric field ΔS is the surface area θ is the angle between the Electric field and the normal component of Surface. \begin{aligned} & E\text{ is the magnitude of electric field} \\\ & \Delta \text{S is the surface area} \\\ & \theta \text{ is the angle between the Electric field and the normal component of Surface}\text{.} \\\ \end{aligned}

Complete step-by-step answer:
The term flux implies some kind of flow. Flux is the property of any vector field. The electric flux is the property of the electric field. The electric flux through a given area held inside an electric field is the measure of the total number of electric lines of force passing through that area.
It is a scalar quantity, i.e., it only has magnitude associated with it and not direction. Its SI unit is Nm2C−1N{{m}^{2}}{{C}^{-1}} .
Given that:
E⃗=E∘x^, where E∘\vec{E}={{E}_{\circ }}\hat{x},\text{ where }{{E}_{\circ }} is constant.
Each side of the shaded region = a
So, ΔS=2a2\Delta S=\sqrt{2}{{a}^{2}}
Additionally, it is clear from the diagram that the angle between the area vector and electric field will be 45∘{{45}^{\circ }}
⇒θ=45∘\Rightarrow \theta ={{45}^{\circ }}
Substituting the values of the above in the formula for electric flux we get:
Electric flux,
ΔϕE=E⃗.ΔS⃗=EΔScos⁡θ\Delta {\phi _E} = \vec E.\Delta \vec S = E\Delta S\cos \theta
\eqalign{ & E\Delta S\cos \theta = {E_ \circ }\left( {\sqrt 2 {a^2}} \right)\cos {45^ \circ } \cr & \Rightarrow \Delta {\phi _E} = {E_ \circ }\left( {\sqrt 2 {a^2}} \right)\left( {\dfrac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}} \right) \cr & \Rightarrow \Delta {\phi _E} = {E_ \circ }{a^2}N{m^2}{C^{ - 1}} \cr}
Therefore, the correct option is C. i.e., Electric flux through the shaded portion in the diagram is ΔϕE=E∘a2Nm2C−1\Delta {\phi _E} = {E_ \circ }{a^2}N{m^2}{C^{ - 1}} .

Additional Information:
i. Gauss’s theorem states that the total flux through a closed surface is 1ε0\dfrac{1}{{{\varepsilon _0}}} times the net charge enclosed by the surface.

ii. Gauss’s law is based on the inverse square dependence on distance contained in Coulomb's law. It will not hold in case of any departure from inverse square law.

Note: The net flux through a closed surface due to a charge lying outside the enclosed surface is always zero. Additionally, if the net charge enclosed by a surface is zero (q=0)\left( {q = 0} \right) , then the flux through it is also zero.