Question

Comment on the electron donating and electron withdrawing power of the following group.
$- N{O_2}, - N{H_2}$.

Answer 1

Electron donating groups: The groups which can donate their electrons to the atom to which they are attached during the reaction, are known as electron donating groups.
Electron withdrawing groups: The groups which withdraw the electrons from the atom to which they are attached during the reaction, are known as electron withdrawing groups.

Complete step by step solution:
First of all let us talk about what is electron withdrawing and electron donating groups.
Electron donating groups: The groups which can donate their electrons to the atom to which they are attached during the reaction, are known as electron donating groups. For example: alkyl groups, amine group, alcohol group. Generally the groups which have lone pairs (to donate to the other atom) are in the category of electron donating groups.
Electron withdrawing groups: The groups which withdraw the electrons from the atom to which they are attached during the reaction, are known as electron withdrawing groups. For example: cyanide group, carboxylic acid group. Generally the groups in which the electronegative atom is having pi bonds.
Now in the question we are given with the groups i.e. amino ($- N{O_2}$) and amines ($- N{H_2}$). Now we know that the amino group is having pi bonds so it acts as electron withdrawing group and and the amines group is having a lone pair so it acts as electron donating group.
Ortho position: In a benzene ring when two groups or atoms are at position $1,2$ i.e. at adjacent positions, are known as ortho position. For example: if groups are nitro groups and they placed at position $1,2$ then they are said to be ortho nitro benzene.
Meta-position: In benzene rings when two or more groups or atoms are alternate to each other i.e. $1,3$ or $1,5$ positions, is known as meta-position. For example: if groups are nitro and they are placed at $1,3$ or $1,5$ positions then they are said to be meta nitro benzene.
Para-position: In a benzene ring when two or more groups or atoms are at opposite positions i.e. $1,6$, is known as para-position. For example: if groups are nitro and they are placed at $1,6$ positions then they are said to be para nitro benzene.
EWG ( electron-withdrawing group ) on benzene creates more electron density at the meta position and less electron density at ortho and para position. EDG(electron donating group) on benzene increases electron density at ortho and para position.

Note:
Nitration: It is defined as the reaction in which the product formed will be a nitro compound i.e. nitro group will be present in that compound.
Nitrobenzene: It is the benzene ring in which one hydrogen of the benzene ring is replaced by nitro group.