Question

(a) The conductivity of $0.001{\text{ mol }}{{\text{L}}^{ - 1}}$ solution of ${\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}$ is $3.905 \times {10^{ - 5}}{\text{ S c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}$. Calculate its molar conductivity and degree of dissociation.
Given: $\left( {{{\text{H}}^ + }} \right) = 349.6{\text{ S c}}{{\text{m}}^2}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}$ and $\left( {{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }} \right) = 40.9{\text{ S c}}{{\text{m}}^2}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}$
(b) Define an electrochemical cell. What happens if external potential applied becomes greater than ${E_{{\text{cell}}}}$ of electrochemical cells?

Answer 1

The conductance of a unit cube material is known as conductivity. The units of conductivity are ${\text{S c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}$ or ${\text{S }}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}$. The ratio of conductivity to the molar concentration of the dissolved electrolyte is known as its molar conductivity. The units of molar conductivity are ${\text{S c}}{{\text{m}}^2}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}$ or ${\text{S }}{{\text{m}}^2}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}$.

Formulae used: $\Lambda = \dfrac{k}{C}$
$\Rightarrow{\Lambda _ \circ } = {\lambda ^0}\left( {{\text{cation}}} \right) + {\lambda ^0}\left( {{\text{anion}}} \right)$
$\Rightarrow\alpha = \dfrac{\Lambda }{{{\Lambda _ \circ }}}$

Complete step by step answer:
Calculate the molar conductivity of solution of ${\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}$ using the equation as follows:
$\Rightarrow\Lambda = \dfrac{k}{C}$
Where $\Lambda$ is the molar conductivity of the solution,
k is the conductivity of the solution,
C is the molar concentration of the solution.

Substitute $3.905 \times {10^{ - 5}}{\text{ S c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}$ for the conductivity of the solution, $0.001{\text{ mol }}{{\text{L}}^{ - 1}}$ for the molarity of the solution. Thus,
$\Rightarrow\lambda = \dfrac{{3.905 \times {{10}^{ - 5}}{\text{ S c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}}}{{0.001{\text{ mol }}{{\text{L}}^{ - 1}}}}$
But ${\text{1 L}} = {10^3}{\text{ c}}{{\text{m}}^3}$. Thus,
$\Rightarrow\lambda = \dfrac{{3.905 \times {{10}^{ - 5}}{\text{ S c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}}}{{0.001{\text{ mol }}{{\text{L}}^{ - 1}}}} \times \dfrac{{{{10}^3}{\text{ c}}{{\text{m}}^3}}}{{\text{L}}}$
$\Rightarrow\lambda = 39.05{\text{ S c}}{{\text{m}}^2}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}$
Thus, the molar conductivity of solution of ${\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}$ is $39.05{\text{ S c}}{{\text{m}}^2}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}$.

Calculate the molar conductivity of solution of ${\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}$ at infinite dilution using the Kohlrausch law as follows:
Kohlrausch law states that at infinite dilution, each ion migrates independently of its co-ion and makes its contribution to the total molar conductivity. Thus,
$\Rightarrow{\Lambda _ \circ }\left( {{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH}}} \right) = {\lambda ^0}\left( {{{\text{H}}^ + }} \right) + {\lambda ^0}\left( {{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }} \right)$
Where, ${\Lambda _ \circ }\left( {{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH}}} \right)$ is the molar conductivity of methanoic acid at infinite dilution,
${\lambda ^0}\left( {{{\text{H}}^ + }} \right)$ is the molar conductivity of ${{\text{H}}^ + }$ ion at infinite dilution,
${\lambda ^0}\left( {{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }} \right)$ is the molar conductivity of ${\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }$ ion at infinite dilution.

Substitute $349.5{\text{ S c}}{{\text{m}}^2}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}$ for the molar conductivity of ${{\text{H}}^ + }$ ion at infinite dilution, $40.9{\text{ S c}}{{\text{m}}^2}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}$ for the molar conductivity of $\Rightarrow{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }$ ion at infinite dilution. Thus,
$\Rightarrow{\Lambda _ \circ }\left( {{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH}}} \right) = \left( {349.5 + 40.9} \right){\text{ S c}}{{\text{m}}^2}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}$
${\Rightarrow\Lambda _ \circ }\left( {{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH}}} \right) = 390.4{\text{ S c}}{{\text{m}}^2}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}$
Thus, molar conductivity of solution of ${\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}$ at infinite dilution is $390.4{\text{ S c}}{{\text{m}}^2}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}$.

Calculate the degree of dissociation of solution of ${\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}$ using the equation as follows:
The degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte is the ratio of its molar conductivity to its molar conductivity at infinite dilution. Thus,
$\alpha = \dfrac{\Lambda }{{{\Lambda _ \circ }}}$
Where $\alpha$ is the degree of dissociation,
$\Rightarrow\Lambda$ is the molar conductivity of the solution,
${\Lambda _ \circ }$ is the molar conductivity at infinite dilution,
Substitute $39.05{\text{ S c}}{{\text{m}}^2}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}$ for the molar conductivity, $390.4{\text{ S c}}{{\text{m}}^2}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}$ for the molar conductivity at infinite dilution. Thus,
$\Rightarrow\alpha = \dfrac{{39.05{\text{ S c}}{{\text{m}}^2}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}{{390.4{\text{ S c}}{{\text{m}}^2}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}$
$\Rightarrow\alpha = 0.100$
Thus, the degree of dissociation of solution of ${\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}$ is 0.100.

(b) A device used for the production of electricity using the energy released in a spontaneous chemical reaction is known as an electrochemical cell.
If external potential applied becomes greater than ${E_{{\text{cell}}}}$ of electrochemical cells the reaction gets reversed.

Note: The conducting power of all the ions that are produced by dissolving one mole of any electrolyte in the solution is known as the molar conductivity of the solution.
As the temperature of the solution increases, the molar conductivity of the solution increases. This is because as the temperature increases the interaction and the mobility of the ions in the solution increases.
The molar conductivity of both strong and weak electrolytes increases as the dilution increases. This is because dilution increases the degree of dissociation and the total number of ions that carry current increases.