Question

(A) (i) Name three techniques/devices used by human females to avoid pregnancy. Mention the side effects caused by each.
(ii) What will happen if in a human female (a) fertilisation takes place, (b) an egg is not fertilised?

OR

(B) (i) Draw a diagram showing spore formation in Rhizopus and label the (a) reproductive and (b) non-reproductive parts. Why does Rhizopus not multiply on a dry slice of bread?
(ii) Name and explain the process by which reproduction takes place in Hydra.

Answer 1

(i) • Oral Contraceptive Pills: Prevent ovulation.
Side Effects: Nausea, weight gain, mood swings.
• Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): Prevent implantation of the embryo.
Side Effects: Cramps, irregular bleeding.
• Barrier Methods (e.g., condoms): Prevent sperm from reaching the egg.
Side Effects: None significant; rare latex allergies.

(ii). (a) Fertilisation takes place: The zygote is formed, implants in the uterus, and develops into an embryo.
(b) An egg is not fertilised: The egg disintegrates, and the uterine lining sheds during menstruation.

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(i). Reason: Rhizopus requires moisture for spore germination and growth. A dry slice of bread lacks sufficient moisture.

(ii). Reproduction in Hydra occurs through budding. A small outgrowth (bud) develops on the parent body, grows, and detaches to form a new individual. This is an asexual reproduction process.