Question

A disease caused by reduced ephagic activity of residual bodies is
A. Hepatitis
B. Pyelonephritis
C. Hypertension
D. Both A and B

Answer 1

Residual bodies are produced by the lysosome and are the part of intracellular digestion and cellular excretion. Ephagic or exocytosis activity of residual bodies is referred to as the removal of waste from the cell. The residual body removes toxins, undigested material but also targets the extracellular molecule. Blood pressure and kidney infection are related to ephagic activity

Complete answer:
A disease caused by reduced ephagic activity of residual bodies is hepatitis and pyelonephritis. Residual bodies are present in the lysosomes. Lysosomes are digestive enzyme-rich organelles widely present in the cells. The indigestible or slowly digestible material is surrounded by the vesicle to form residual bodies. These bodies are mainly found in cells with longer life or high metabolic activity i.e. neurons, muscle cells and hepatocytes. Ephagy is the removal of undigested materials through vesicles to the outside of the cell. It is just the reverse of endocytosis. Residual bodies secrete out the undigested material through ephagy. The vesicle containing waste moves through the cytoskeleton fuses with the cell membrane and releases the waste to the outside. Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by the virus or accumulation of toxin or autoimmune disorder. Residual bodies play an important role in preventing this disease by removing the toxins and viruses through its ephagic activity. Thus, a reduction in its activity leads to an increased concentration of these viruses and toxins in the cell thus, leading to disease formation. On the other hand, pyelonephritis is the inflammation of the kidney which is caused due to dysfunction of the lysosome.
i. Hypertension: Hypertension or high blood pressure is a condition when the force exerted by the blood on the blood vessel exceeds the normal range. This high pressure leads to health problems such as stroke and heart failure. It is not related to the ephagic activity of the residual bodies.
Hence, the correct answer is option D.

Note: Hepatitis is of five types; A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is present in the faeces of infected persons and is most often transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food. Pyelonephritis symptoms include nausea, frequent urination, fever, etc.